TRB 5th International Visualization in Transportation Symposium and Workshop

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TRB 5th International Visualization in Transportation Symposium and Workshop

TRB has supported awareness and research regarding visualization since the early 1990’s, both at its annual meetings, and through an ongoing series of symposia. The last TRB symposium on visualization was held in 2002 in Salt Lake City just following the Winter Olympics.

More than four years have gone by, and visualization technologies have continued to evolve at a considerable pace, yet the highway transportation industry is still years behind its counterparts in aerospace, architecture, plant facilities, automotive, shipping, and others, when it comes to fully embracing visualization tools and the corresponding mindsets.

Times, however, are changing. Recent technologies like Google Earth®, 3D PDF®, Terrestrial & Airborne LIDAR, Driving Simulators, Construction Machine Control, and Steel Bridge Fabrication are gaining the awareness and interest of transportation organizations.

As fascinating as these advancements are, it is still not clear how visualization directly assists in addressing our transportation needs. Additionally, the understanding of digital infrastructure, training, organizational and implementation requirements is knowledge yet unearthed for most transportation organizations and professionals.

The goal of this event, therefore, is: To develop an awareness of visualization in the context of our transportation needs, and promote ideas for action that evolves our ability to address those needs.

Program

 

 

Final Program

A DVD disc of the proceedings is available. Please contact Frank Broen (fbroen@teachamerica.com)

To achieve this goal, the Symposium encompasses four primary objectives:

  • Continue to promote the education and awareness of the benefits (realized and potential)
    of visualization technologies and practice as applied to the transportation industry;
  • For the first time, provide a program that brings together the diversity of expertise needed
    to deliver effective transportation programs in the context of visualization technologies
    and practice;
  • Provide a balance of traditional presentations and audience-engaging panel sessions on
    research, demonstration & practice;
  • Gather and document the knowledge exchanged and ideas generated in order to drive
    innovation in practice, targeted research, and technology development to evolve the use of
    visualization in transportation.

SUMMARY OVERVIEW (Presented at TRB January 25, 2007)At the 2007 TRB Annual Meeting, these presentations provided a summary of the presentations from the 5th International Visualization in Transportation Symposium and Workshop.

presentation Introduction
Michael Manore, P.E. – Chair, TRB Visualization Committee
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Special Executive Session Summary
Barbara Harder – Principal, B.T. Harder, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Presentation Overviews
Charles Hixon, III – Synthesis Consultant, Bergmann Associates, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Research Agenda Summary
Dr. Ron G. Hughes – ITRE-NCSU
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

NCHRP Document

This synthesis presents information on visualization; the visual representation of proposed alternatives and improvements and their associated effects on the existing surroundings. It focuses on the best practices and experiences to date within transportation agencies that are developing and incorporating visualization into the project development process. The report provides an overview, details case studies, addresses the challenges of visualization, and compares the results with a similar study from 1996.

This synthesis report was developed by conducting interviews with various transportation
agencies, universities, and consultants throughout the United States. A survey questionnaire
was distributed in advance of the interviews to assist in the preparation.

SPECIAL EXECUTIVE SESSION 01 (MONDAY) This special half-day working session was exclusively for upper and executive management professionals in the highway transportation industry.
• Opening & Introductions
Michael Manore – Chair, TRB Visualization Committee
• Welcome & Objectives Overview
Tom Norton & Cynthia Burbank
• Overview of Visualization Technologies & NCHRP 36-04 Findings “Visualization in Project Development”
Charles Hixon, III, Synthesis Consultant, Bergmann Associates, Inc.
• Facilitated Discussion on Issues and Needs for Decision-makers
Barbara Harder – Principal, B.T. Harder, Inc.

presentation Special Executive Session Summary (From TRB 1/25/07)
Barbara Harder – Principal, B.T. Harder, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation



There are three primary objectives of this session:

  1. To provide an executive overview of the technology and state of practice regarding visualization;
  2. To facilitate an interactive discussion regarding current and evolving issues in delivering our transportation programs;
  3. Explore the potential of visualization to assist in delivering those programs.
    This session is open to leaders in federal, state, and local agencies, as well as those in consulting, construction, and academic organizations.

 

OPENING SESSION 02 (MONDAY) Symposium Opening Welcome
Dr. Richard Pain – Transportation Research Board

Overview and Intent of the Symposium
Mr. Michael Manore, P.E. – Chair, TRB Visualization Committee

presentation Colorado Welcome and Opening Perspectives
Mr. Tom Norton, P.E., Executive Director, Colorado Department of Transportation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Update on SAFETEA-LU Requirements
& Perspectives on Visualization for Planning
Ms. Cynthia Burbank, Associate Administrator, Federal Highway Administration
Office of Planning, Environment, and Realty
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Decision-Making and Public Engagement from a Multi-Modal Planning Perspective
Charles Goodman, Director of Systems Planning, FTA Office Planning & Environment
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


• Regional Council Perspectives on Visualization -
Tom Boone – Denver Regional Council of Government
NO PRESENTATION


presentation Progress & Directions in Visualization Technology
Teresa-Marie Rhyne, Director, Visual Analytics Institute, NCSU
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


presentation The Ultimate Purpose of Visualization
Jeff Coleman, Manager
Bob Singerman, Business Development Manager - URS Corporation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation



PLANNING TRACK 03 (TUESDAY) presentation Scenario Planning for Idaho’s 30-Year Transportation Vision
Mr. Dave Biggs, Co-founder, Envision Sustainability Tools - MetroQuest
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Visualizing Metra: An Interactive Visualization Tool
Ms. Laxmi Ramasubramanian, Hunter College
Ms. Sue McNeil, University of Delaware
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Multimedia Use in Visualization of Transportation Projects:
From Project Pursuits to Client Reviews and Public Information
Mr. Jesse Miguel, HNTB Corporation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper


 

ENGINEERING TRACK 04 presentation Value of Visualization within an Engineering Consulting Firm
Mr. Paul Brown, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Cardiff, UK
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation 3D Visualization and Micro-Simulation Applied to the Identification and Evaluation of Geometric and Operational ‘Solutions’ for Improving Visually Impaired Pedestrian Access to Roundabouts and Channelized Turn Lanes
Dr. Ron Hughes, ITRE-NCSU
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Presentation PDF Paper

presentation A Tandem Effort: Balancing Architectural Desires with Structural Needs
Mr. Michael Mundy, HNTB Corporation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

PLANNING TRACK 05 presentation A Visualization Experience of the Northern Illinois Planning Commission
Yukun Dong, University of Delaware
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Towards an Advanced Spatial-Temporal Visualization System for the Metropolitan Washington D.C.
Dr. Chang-Tien Lu, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Various Uses of Color in 3D Visualizations to Demonstrate Traffic Operations to Decision-makers and the Public
Mr. Mark Yedlin, KLD Associates, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

ENGINEERING TRACK 06presentation Using Visualization for the Design Process of Rural Roads
Dr. Wolfgang Kuhn, University of Leipzig, Germany
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation PDF Paper

presentation Rapid 3-D Modeling and Simulation of Underground Transportation
Structures
James Kainz, Applied Research Associates
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

3D/4D/nD Modeling Real-time Visualization in Transportation
Mr. Doug Eberhard, Parsons Brinkerhoff
PRESENTATION NOT INCLUDED BY REQUEST OF SPEAKER


 

PLANNING TRACK 07presentation Atlanta Regional Commission Uses Oblique Imagery to Help New Orleans Recovery Effort
Mr. Art Kalinski, Atlanta Regional Commission
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF
Paper

presentation Visualization Data Standards for Planning & Design
Mr. Cyrus McCall, McCormick Taylor, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper (13MB)

presentation Delivering the NY Transit System Advertising System to NYC
Ms. Erin May, URS Corporation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

ENGINEERING TRACK 08presentation Use of Visualization Technology for Right-of-Way Acquisition and Eminent Domain –
Mr. David Walterscheid, Federal Highway Administration
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation A Four-D, Real-Time, Transportation Visualization System
Mr. Michael Pack, Center for Advanced Transportation Technology
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Leveraging of Civil Data Models During Construction
Mr. Paul DiGiacobbe, Nave Newell, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

PLANNING TRACK 09 Visualization and Practices for Regional Planning

Panelists:
presentation Dave Biggs, Co-Founder, MetroQuest.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Donald McAuslan, Transportation Planner II, Metropolitan Washington COG
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


• Darren Smith, Transportation Planner I, Metropolitan Washington COG
NO PRESENTAITON

presentation Ted Knowlton, Planning Director, Envision Utah
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

Description: SAFETEA-LU requires that we use visualization to describe plans as part of the Public Participation Plan requirement in Metropolitan and Statewide Transportation Planning. This session will highlight two visualization techniques that have helped regions describe their transportation visions and goals.
Interactive planning support tools facilitate the creation of sustainable visions, and support the implementation of transportation plans. MetroQuest is a proven approach for urban and regional planning that can turn stakeholders into constructive partners. MetroQuest is one of the leading software tools that can be used to visualize regional growth issues. Through workshops, participants balance dozens of priorities in areas such as transportation, housing development and environmental stewardship. Envision Utah used visualization throughout the process to involve key decision-makers and the community to gain support at the ground level. Building grass roots support for your transportation plan will ensure its successful implementation. Envision Utah provided critical technical information to help analyze the impacts of growth on transportation, air quality, land use, water supply/demand, and infrastructure costs. Through the involvement of the public, local and state elected officials, the business, civic, and religious communities, and other key stakeholders, Envision Utah gathered information about what Greater Wasatch Area residents value and how they think growth should be accommodated.

ENGINEERING TRACK 10 An Efficient Means for Prototyping and Reviewing Roadway Designs Through Visualization
R. Wade Allen, Systems Technologies, Inc.

presentation Mr. Michael Pack, Center for Advanced Transportation Technology
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation 3D Modeling for Lighting Visualization for Enhanced Safety
Paul Lutkevich & Christopher Leone, Parsons Brinkerhoff
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation The Use of Simulation Visualization as an Aid to Roadway Design
Tom Granda, Ph.D., Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper (Very Large File: 148MB)


 

ENGINEERING TRACK 11presentation Evaluating Rock Faces by Ground-based laser Scanning Techniques
John Kemeny, University of Arizona
Co-Author - Dr. A. Keith Turner, Colorado School of Mines
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Using Ground Based Rotating LIDAR for 3D Viewing and Measuring
Laurence Rohter, P.E. Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago, US
Ray State, Spion Services Ltd; Nottingham, UK
Stirling Kimkeran, Omnicom Engineering Ltd; York, UK
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation FHWA’s Digital Highway Measurement and Ground Penetrating
Radar Technologies Michael Trentacoste, Turner Fairbank HRC
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

PLANNING TRACK 12 (Wednesday) Visualization and Practices for Corridor Planning

presentation Chuck Donle, Donley & Associates, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Wendy Wallach, Carter Burgess
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

• Dony Dawson – Carter Burgess
PRESENTATION NOT INCLUDED

presentation David Hinnant, North Carolina DOT
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

Description: Visualization tools can be used in planning transportation corridors. Carter & Burgess employed techniques during the design-build of the Transportation Expansion (known as T-Rex) Project in Denver. Visualization provided a highly accurate method of examining alternatives at the design stage, when options are most open. The T-REX project includes the reconstruction of 16.5 miles of two interstate highways and the design and construction of 19 miles of light rail transit. Design Visualization created engaging, believable imagery, providing a window into the future so the public could actually picture, and help others picture, how this project would unfold.
Donley & Associates uses real time visualization in roadway planning to evaluate road alignments, lane configurations and potential traffic study demands/loads. The analysis results can inform the design process and citizen involvement. Skilled users can produce simple, but useful visualizations in just a few minutes as Donley & Associates describes. Off the shelf software packages include Google Earth, CommunityViz's SiteBuilder3D, and ESRI's ArcScene/ArcGlobe. Each system differs in GIS compatibility, visual quality and ease of use. The sample project depicts a proposed road alignment located southeast of Durango. The road connects the proposed 3 Springs development with Ewing Mesa and it provides an alternate route for traffic on US 160 and US 550.

ENGINEERING TRACK 13 Advancements in Surveying & Remote Sensing

• James V. Flint, Vice President, Laser Geomatics - Bohannan Huston, Inc.
NO PRESENTATION

presentation Paul Mrstik, Vice President, Engineering, Terrapoint Canada, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

• John Kemeny, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Dept. of Mining and Geological
Engineering, University of Arizona
SEE SESSION 11


 

 

Description: This session will review how laser scanning, airborne LIDAR, GPS and traditional survey integrated with CAD and GIS impacts project safety, schedule, quality and cost for the design, construction and operation of transportation infrastructure assets.

PLANNING TRACK 14 Modeling Traffic for Planning & Design Decision-making

presentation Thomas R.. Furlani, University at Buffalo
Modeling Traffic for Planning & Design Decision-making
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentaiton Frank L. Dolan, P.E., PTOE, Bergmann Associates
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Matthew Martimo, Citilabs
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Mark Yedlin, KLD Associates, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation (not complete)
PDF Paper


 

Description: This session will overview developments relating to traffic modeling and visualization in order to provide a context for open discussion. Panelists and Moderator will draw on prior experience and will discuss future trends and where they believe the technology is headed. After the presentations, the panel will engage the audience in discussing some of the challenges and interests associated with modeling and visualizing traffic along with the utility this capability provides for the planning, design, and approval process.

PLANNING TRACK 15 Visualization and Practices for Neighborhoods, Projects , & Places

presentation Doug Walker, President, Placeways - CommunityViz
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Chase Mullins, 3D Visualization Specialist, Winston Associates
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Craig Casper, Director, Transportation Program - Pikes Peak COG
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

Description: Probably no where else does the use of Visualization techniques affect planning more closely than at the Neighborhood, Project Level. However, transportation planning is seldom thought of as a visual process. Often, transportation decisions are made on the basis of engineering plans or diagrams, with the focus primarily on traffic or alignment considerations. At the same time, these designs have a big impact on the livability of the street and the community. We seek public input when making transportation decisions, but there is typically little ability for understanding and visualizing what the choices really are. Through the use of visualization techniques like GIS-based analysis, 3D visualization tools, and Google Earth, communities are provided with new exciting tools that allow them to envision land use alternatives, understand their potential impacts, explore options, and share possibilities. The ability to truly show how transportation relates to its surroundings is vital to reaching consensus, overcoming objections and in accelerating the review process with town councils and the public. This session will present a number of examples of how various affordable visualization tools can lead to better decision-making, especially when coupled with design charrettes and other public engagement venues. A panel of experts from CommunityViz, Winston Associates, and the Pikes Peak Council of Governments will highlight these tools and how they are used in transportation planning and project decision-making.

ENGINEERING TRACK 16 Progress in Context Sensitive Solutions and Visualization

presentation Lisa Olszak, President, Olszak Management Consultants, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


presentation Angelo Papastamos, CSS Director, Utah Department of Transportation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


presentation Jon Nepstad, Principal, AICP, Fehr & Peers
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation



Description: This Panel Discussion will focus on the higher level applications of visualization within the Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS) process. Issues such as: How is Visualization used within the CSS process? What is the process to introduce visualization and obtain approvals for its use? What is the funding process? How can Visualization be monitored and measured within the CSS process? and, What team members are needed to utilize Visualization within the CSS process? will be addressed (along with others) during this panel discussion.

ORGANIZATIONAL TRACK 17 Opportunities and Challenges in Transportation Data Visualization

presentation Tim Case, Parsons Brinkerhoff
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Thomas R.. Furlani, University at Buffalo
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Harvey J. Miller, University of Utah
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

Description: Transportation research and application are moving from a data-poor to a data-rich environment. New technologies such as intelligent transportation systems, location aware technologies (e.g., the global positioning system), video cameras, satellite and airborne remote sensing, automated toll systems, and so forth, are greatly increasing the volume and scope of transportation data. The cost of storing and sharing these data is decreasing due to increasing capabilities for data warehousing and data infrastructures. The continuing geometric growth of computing power and is also improving the means for transportation data processing.
Despite these growing potentials, there is still a widespread feeling among transportation researchers and practitioners that we are “drowning in data” rather than exploiting it to its fullest extent. Many of the traditional analytical tools used in research and practice were developed in an era of scarce data and weak computing: they can only scratch the surface of the vast information space implied by these data. These unrealized capabilities are apparent at the same time when there is a critical need for new thinking about the major challenges facing transportation over the next decade, such as congestion, safety, security, infrastructure renewal and the environment.
Data visualization and improved interoperability offers potential for making sense of the large volume of data being collected about transportation systems. The insights gained through deeper and more holistic exploration of transportation data can generate new ways of thinking about and analyzing transportation systems and their challenges. This panel will bring together leading experts in transportation data visualization to discuss its opportunities and challenges in basic research and application.

ENGINEERING TRACK 18 Using Simulator Technologies to Improve Safety in Designs and Work Zones

Introduction: Wade Allen, Systems Technology, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation National Advanced Driving Simulator
Shawn Allen
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation HumanFIRST Program
Peter Easterlund
Tom Granda, Federal Highway Administration
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper (91MB)

presentation Michael Kelly, Western Transportation Institute
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Yiannis Papelis, Center for Advanced Transportation Systems Simulation
Presentation Audio-Only Presentation


 

Description: Driving simulation (immersive and desktop) promote a higher level of safety assessment and review of roadway projects. This panel session will summarize past, current and potential applications. Open discussion with the audience will be encouraged regarding utility of this approach, how to achieve this capability in various agencies, and the potential for wider adoption of these techniques.

ENGINEERING TRACK 19 (Bridge) Visualization for Bridge Design, Fabrication, and Construction

presentation Krishna Verma, Principal Bridge Engineer, Federal Highway Administration
Presentation Audio Presentation (Audio Only, no visuals)

presentation Asif Habibullah, Director, CSRI
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

Michael Mundy – Bridge Architect, HNTB
NO PRESENTATION

presentation Jeff Coleman, Manager, Creative Imaging, URS Corporation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

Pingsha Dong – Technical Director, Battelle
PRESENTATION NOT INCLUDED AT REQUEST OF PRESENTER


Luke Faulkener, Director of Technology Initiatives, AISC
NO PRESENTATION AVAILABLE


 

Description: This session will look to present and discuss advancements, opportunities, and issues relating to the extension of 3D data into bridge fabrication and construction practices.

ORGANIZATIONAL TRACK 20 Employing Visualization Organizationally
Chuck Hixon, III, Bergmann Associates

presentation
Doug Walker, Placeways, LLC
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Kevin Gilson, Parsons Brinkerhoff
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation
PDF Paper

presentation Steve Braun, Florida Department of Transportation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

Description: This session will discuss visualization in the context of the organizational considerations. More specifically: How is visualization employed within the organization? What is the process to introduce visualization and obtain approvals for its use? How can visualization be monitored and measured? What team members are needed to utilize visualization?

ENGINEERING TRACK 21 Visualization in Design/Build and Design/Bid/Build Project Environments

presentation Mark Taylor
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Jim Bodi, Kiewit Western Co.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Paul DiGiacobbe, Nave Newell, Inc.
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Helen Peiker, Colorado Department of Transportation
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

Description: The goal of the session is to present and discuss how 3D data and visualization (wire-frame data or rendered models) can and are being used to expedite, facilitate and support transportation construction activities. Panelists will present some the latest developments and issues on this subject followed by facilitated discussion with the audience. This session is intended to generate ideas and opportunities for action on where the highway design and construction industry should go in terms of research, development and technology (RD&T) to better support and leverage applications of the emerging 3D and visualization to expedite construction of transportation projects.

PLENARY SESSION 22 (THURSDAY) presentation Linking Transportation, Land Use, and Conservation Planning Through Decision Support Tools
Patrick Crist, Manager of Conservation Planning Services, NatureServe
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

Presentation Visualizing the World via Google Earth, Google SketchUp, and 3D Warehouse
Mike Springer, Lead Software Engineer - Google
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation


 

3D is increasingly becoming a standard - and expected - language for visualization. Google Earth, Google SketchUp and the Google 3D Warehouse are tools for both the professional and the
consumer that help make 3D easier to create, visualize and share. Mike will share with us some
of the phenomenon surrounding Google Earth and Sketchup in the world of 3D, and explore the
opportunities for the future through new advancements such as 3D Warehouse.

Doug Eberhard, Chief Technology Officer, Parsons Brinkerhoff
PRESENTATION NOT INCLUDED BY REQUEST OF SPEAKER

presentation Research Agenda of the TRB Visualization Committee
Dr. Ron G. Hughes, ITRE-NCSU
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

presentation Special Announcement s & Closing Remarks
Extending and Visualizing Adjacent Work Zone Flows and Impacts
Shitij Mehta
Presentation Audio/Visual Presentation

 

Papers contained in this web site are unedited and may not include revisions resulting from peer review.

The National Research Council was established by the National Academy
of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the Federal Government. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter of the
National Academy of Sciences.
The Transportation Research Board evolved in 1974 from the Highway Research Board, which was established in 1920. The TRB incorporates all former HRB activities and also performs additional functions under a broader scope involving all modes of transportation and the interactions of transportation with society.

DISCLAIMER

The contents of this web site reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, or the Federal Highway Administration. These documents do not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. Trade or manufacturers' names which may appear herein are cited only because they are considered essential to the objectives of the conference. The U.S. Government and the TRB do not endorse products or manufacturers.


 

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